SenseOCEAN

http://www.senseocean.eu/ 

SenseOCEAN draws together world leading marine sensor developers to create a highly integrated multifunction and cost-effective in situ marine biogeochemical sensor system. The marine environment plays an essential role in the earth's climate as well as providing resources, recreational opportunities and acting as a vital transportation route. However the inherent vastness of the oceans means that our ability to monitor the health of this important system remains limited.

This project provides a quantum leap in the ability to measure crucial biogeochemical parameters. Innovations will be combined with state of the art sensor technology to produce a modular sensor system that can be deployed on many platforms. Prototypes will be optimised for scale-up and commercialisation.

These are tested and demonstrated on profiling floats, deep-sea observatories, autonomous underwater vehicles, and fishing vessels. Ultimately the developed sensors will be launched as commercially available products.

2nd project factsheet

Doug Connelly (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Next Generation Web-Enabled Sensors for the Monitoring of a Changing Ocean (NeXOS)

http://www.nexosproject.eu/ 

The general objective of NeXOS is to develop new cost-effective, innovative and compact integrated multifunctional sensor systems (ocean optics, ocean passive acoustics, and sensors for an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF)), which can be deployed from mobile and fixed ocean observing platforms, as well as to develop downstream services for the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Good Environmental Status (GES) of European marine waters (Marine Framework Strategy Directive) and the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP).

NeXOS is a collaborative project funded by the European Commission 7th Framework Programme, under the call OCEAN-2013.2 - The Ocean of Tomorrow 2013 - Innovative multifunctional sensors for in-situ monitoring of marine environment and related maritime activities. It is composed of 21 partners including public entities, small and , companies and scientific organizations from 6 European countries.

NeXOS final factsheet

Eric Delory (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

integrated in Situ CHemical MApping probes (SCHeMA)

http://www.schema-ocean.eu/ 

SCHeMA aimed at providing an open and modular sensing solution for in situ high resolution mapping of a range of anthropogenic and natural chemical compounds that may have feedback (synergic) interaction: toxic and/or essential Hg, Cd, Pb, As and Cu trace metal species; nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate nutrients; species relevant to the carbon cycle; volatile organic compounds; potentially toxic algae species and toxins.

The SCHeMA system consists of a plug-and-play adaptive wired/wireless chemical sensor probe network serving as a front-end for gathering detailed spatial and temporal information on water quality and status based on a range of hazardous compounds.

SCHeMA Final Brochure

Mary-Lou Tercier-Waeber (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.)

Common Sense: Marine Sensors - Marine Monitoring

http://www.commonsenseproject.eu/ 

COMMON SENSE is a project that supports the implementation of European Union marine policies such as the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). The project, which was launched in November 2013, is funded by the EC Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) and has been designed to directly respond to requests for integrated and effective data acquisition systems by developing innovative sensors that will contribute to our understanding of how the marine environment functions. 

Cost-effective sensors, interoperable with international existing ocean observing systems, to meet EU policy requirements - Common Sense final brochure.

This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Dickson, A.G., Afghan, J.D. and Anderson, G.C., 2003. Reference materials for oceanic CO₂ analysis: a method for the certification of total alkalinity. Marine Chemistry, 80(2), pp.185-197.

Spaulding, R. S., DeGrandpre, M. D., Beck, J. C., Hart, R. D., Peterson, B., De Carlo, E. H., et al. (2014). Autonomous in situmeasurements of seawater alkalinity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 9573–9581. doi: 10.1021/es501615x

Seelmann, K., S. Aßmann, A. Körtzinger, 2019. Characterization of a novel autonomous analyzer for seawater total alkalinity: Results from laboratory and field tests. Limnol Oceanogr Methods, 17: 515-532. doi:10.1002/lom3.10329

Seelmann, K., M. Gledhill, S. Aßmann, A. Körtzinger, 2020. Impact of impurities in bromocresol green indicator dye on spectrophotometric total alkalinity measurements. Ocean Sci. doi: 10.5194/os-16-535-2020.

Sutton, A. J., Sabine, C. L., Maenner-Jones, S., Lawrence-Slavas, N., Meinig, C., Feely, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Musielewicz, S., Bott, R., McLain, P. D., Fought, H. J., and Kozyr, A.: A high-frequency atmospheric and seawater pCO2 data set from 14 open-ocean sites using a moored autonomous system, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 353-366, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-353-2014, 2014.

Jiang, Z.-P., Hydes, D. J., Tyrrell, T., Hartman, S. E., Hartman, M. C., Campbell, J. M., Johnson, B. D., Schofield, B., Turk, D., Wallace, D., Burt, W., Thomas, H., Cosca, C., and Feely, R.: Application and assessment of a membrane-based pCO2 sensor under field and laboratory conditions. Limnology and Oceanography Methods, 12, 264-280, 2014.

DeGrandpre, M.D., Baehr, M.M. and T.R. Hammar. (1999). Calibration-free optical chemical sensors. Anal. Chem., 71, 1152-1159. DeGrandpre, M.D., Hammar, T.R., Smith, S.P., and F.L. Sayles. (1995). In situ measurements of seawater pCO2. Limnol. Oceanog., 40, 969-975.

DeGrandpre, M. D. (1993). Measurement of seawater _pCO₂ using a renewable-reagent fiber optic sensor with colorimetric detection. Anal. Chem. 65, 331–337. doi: 10.1021/ac00052a005

DeGrandpre, M. D., Baehr, M. M., and Hammar, T. R. (2000). “Development of an optical chemical sensor for oceanographic applications: the submersible autonomous moored instrument for seawater CO2,” in Chemical Sensors in Oceanography, ed M. S. Varney (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach publisher), 123–141.

Atamanchuk, D., Tengberg, A., Thomas, P. J., Hovdenes, J., Apostolidis, A., Huber, C., et al. (2014). Performance of a lifetime-based optode for measuring partial pressure of carbon dioxide in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 12, 63–73. doi: 10.4319/lom.2014.12.63

Fietzek, P., B. Fiedler, T. Steinhoff, and A. Körtzinger (2014). In situ accuracy assessment of a novel underwater pCO2 sensor based on membrane equilibration and NDIR spectrometry. J. Atm. Ocean. Techn. 31, 181-196.

Fiedler, B., P. Fietzek, N. Vieira, P. Silva, H.C. Bittig, and A. Körtzinger (2013). In situ CO2 and O2 measurements on a profiling float. J. Atm. Ocean. Techn. 30, 112-126, DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00043.1.

Chierici, M.; Fransson, A. and Nojiri, Y., (2006), Biogeochemical processes as drivers of surface fCO2 in contrasting provinces in the subarctic North Pacific Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20 GB1009 doi:10.1029/2004GB002356. Murphy, P.P.; Nojiri, Y.; Fujinuma, Y.; Wong, C.S.; Zeng, J.; Kimoto, T. and Kimoto, H., (2001), Measurements of Surface Seawater fCO2 from Volunteer Commercial Ships: Techniques and Experiences from Skaugran, J. Atmos. Ocn. Tech. 18 1719-1734. Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y. Miyazaki, C. Tsumori, H. and Mukai, H., (2009) Variations of oceanic pCO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the North Pacific Ocean since 1995, Proceeding of 8th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, T2-059, Jena, Germany.

Characterization of a Time-Domain Dual Lifetime Referencing _pCO₂ Optode and Deployment as a High-Resolution Underway Sensor across the High Latitude North Atlantic Ocean. Front. Mar. Sci. 4:396. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00396

Clarke, J.S. et al. (2017) Developments in marine _pCO₂ measurement technology; towards sustained in situ observations. TRAC-Trends in analytical chemistry. 88. 351-354. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.008

Bresnahan, P.J., Martz T.R., Takeshita Y., Johnson K.S., LaShomb M.. 2014. pdfBest practices for autonomous measurement of seawater pH with the Honeywell Durafet, Methods in Oceanography 9, 44-60, doi:10.1016/j.mio.2014.08.003

Martz, T. R., Carr, J. J., French, C. R., and DeGrandpre, M. D. (2003). A submersible autonomous sensor for spectrophotometric pH measurements of natural waters. Anal. Chem. 75, 1844–1850. doi: 10.1021/ac020568l

Bellerby, R. G. J., Olsen, A., Johannessen, T., and Croot, P. (2002). A high precision spectrophotometric method for on-line shipboard seawater pH measurements: the automated marine pH sensor (AMpS). Talanta 56, 61–69. doi: 10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00541-0

Martz, T. R., Connery, J. G., and Johnson, K. S. (2010). Testing the Honeywell Durafet® for seawater pH applications. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 8, 172–184. doi: 10.4319/lom.2010.8.172

Rérolle V., Ruiz-Pino D., Rafizadeh M., Loucaides S., Papadimitriou S., Mowlem M. & Chen J., (2016). Measuring pH in the Arctic Ocean: colorimetric method or SeaFET? Methods in Oceanography 17: 32–49.

Reggiani, E. R., King, A. L., Norli, M., Jaccard, P., Sørensen, K., & Bellerby, R. G. (2016). FerryBox-assisted monitoring of mixed layer pH in the Norwegian Coastal Current. Journal of Marine Systems.

Clarke, Jennifer S.; Achterberg, Eric P.; Rerolle, Victoire M. C.; et al. (2015) Characterisation and deployment of an immobilised pH sensor spot towards surface ocean pH measurements. Analytica chimica acta Volume: 897 Pages: 69-80

Okazaki, R. R., Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Dickson, A. G., Alin, S. R., Sabine, C. L., et al. (2017). Evaluation of marine pH sensors under controlled and natural conditions for the Wendy Schmidt ocean health XPRIZE. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 15, 586–600. doi: 10.1002/lom3.10189

Lai C-Z, DeGrandpre MD and Darlington RC (2018) Autonomous Optofluidic Chemical Analyzers for Marine Applications: Insights from the Submersible Autonomous Moored Instruments (SAMI) for pH and _pCO₂. Front. Mar. Sci. 4:438. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00438

Boss, E., Guidi, L., Richardson, M. J., Stemmann, L., Gardner, W., Bishop, J. K., ... & Sherrell, R. M. (2015). Optical techniques for remote and in-situ characterization of particles pertinent to GEOTRACES. Progress in Oceanography, 133, 43-54.

Bishop, J. K. B. (2009) Autonomous Observations of the Ocean Biological Carbon Pump. Oceanography , 22 (2), 182-193.

See our page HERE.

Thouron, D., Vuillemin, R., Philippon, X., Lourenço, A., Provost, C., Cruzado, A., et al. (2003). An autonomous nutrient analyzer for oceanic long-term in situ biogeochemical monitoring. Anal. Chem. 75, 2601–2609. doi: 10.1021/ac020696+

Sakamoto, C. M., Johnson, K. S., & Coletti, L. J. (2009): Improved algorithm for the computation of nitrate concentrations in seawater using an in situ ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 7(1), 132-143.

Riser, S.C., Johnson, K.,Lewis, M.R., Altshuler, T. (2011): Autonomous Measurements of Oceanic Dissolved Nitrate from Commercially Available Profiling Floats Equipped with ISUS APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE doi:ADA555146

Legiret, F. E., Sieben, V. J., Woodward, E. M., Abi Kaed Bey, S. K., Mowlem, M. C., Connelly, D. P., et al. (2013). A high performance microfluidic analyser for phosphate measurements in marine waters using the vanadomolybdate method. Talanta 116, 382–387. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.004

Grand, M.M. et al. (2017) A Lab-On-Chip Analyzer for Long-Term in Situ Monitoring at Fixed Observatories: Optimization and Performance Evaluation in Estuarine and Oligotrophic Coastal Waters. Front. Mar. Sci., doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00255]

Clinton-Bailey, Geraldine S. et al. (2017) A Lab-on-Chip analyzer for in situ measurement of soluble reactive phosphate: improved phosphate blue assay and application to fluvial monitoring. Environmental Science & Technology, 51 (17). 9989-9995.10.1021/acs.est.7b01581

Barus C, Chen Legrand D, Striebig N, Jugeau B, David A, Valladares M, Munoz Parra P, Ramos ME, Dewitte B and Garçon V (2018) First Deployment and Validation of in Situ Silicate Electrochemical Sensor in Seawater. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:60. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00060

Tedetti, M., Joffre, P., and Goutx, M. (2013). Development of a field-portable fluorometer based on deep ultraviolet LEDs for the detection of phenanthrene- and tryptophan-like compounds in natural waters. Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 182, 416–423. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2013.03.052

Cyr F, Tedetti M, Besson F, Beguery L, Doglioli AM, Petrenko AA and Goutx M (2017) A New Glider-Compatible Optical Sensor for Dissolved Organic Matter Measurements: Test Case from the NW Mediterranean Sea. Front. Mar. Sci. 4:89. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00089

EU FP7 FixO3 project Koljöfjord Intercomparison experiment report

Report on JERICO Biofouling Monitoring Program (BMP)

EU FP7 JERICO project Report on Biofouling Prevention Methods

Performance of in situ pH sensors

Performance of pCO₂ analyzers

Performance of in situ nutrient analyzers

Performance of in situ dissolved oxygen sensors

EU Horizon2020 AtlantOS Sensors and Instrumentation Roadmap 

Sensors and Instrumentation Roadmap as PDF 

Sensors and Instrumentation Roadmap as a spreadsheet 

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Palevsky, H.I., Clayton, S., et al (2023) OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data: Best Practices & User Guide, Version 1.1.1. Ocean Observatories Initiative Biogeochemical Sensor Data Working Group, 134pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1865.2 

Bittig H, Körtzinger A, Neill C, van Ooijen E, Plant JN, Hahn J, Johnson KS, Yang B and Emerson SR, 2018. Oxygen Optode Sensors: Principle, Characterization, Calibration, and Application in the Ocean. Frontiers in Marine Science 4:429. http://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00429

Bittig H, Körtzinger A, Johnson K, Claustre H, Emerson S, Fennel K, Garcia H, Gilbert D, Gruber N, Kang D-J, Naqvi W, Prakash S, Riser S, Thierry V, Tilbrook B, Uchida H, Ulloa O, Xing X (2018). SCOR WG 142: Quality Control Procedures for Oxygen and Other Biogeochemical Sensors on Floats and Gliders. Recommendations on the conversion between oxygen quantities for Bio-Argo floats and other autonomous sensor platforms. http://doi.org/10.13155/45915 and at https://github.com/HCBScienceProducts/SCOR_WG142_O2_conversions

Bittig H, Körtzinger A, Johnson K, Claustre H, Emerson S, et al. 2015. SCOR WG 142: Quality control procedures for oxygen and other biogeochemical sensors on floats and gliders. Recommendation for oxygen measurements from Argo floats, implementation of in-air-measurement routine to assure highest long-term accuracy. http://doi.org/10.13155/45917

Bushinsky, S.M., and Emerson, S., 2015. Marine biological production from in situ oxygen measurements on a profiling float in the subarctic Pacific Ocean, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005251 

Bushinsky, S. M. and Emerson, S., 2013, A method for in-situ calibration of Aanderaa oxygen sensors on surface moorings, Marine Chemistry, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2013.05.001 

Bushinsky, S. M. , Emerson, S., Riser, S.C., and Swift D.D., 2016, Accurate oxygen measurements on modified Argo floats using in situ air calibrations, Limnology and Oceanography Methods, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10107

EU FP7 The Fixed point Open Ocean Observatory network (FixO3) Handbook of Best Practices, June 2016

Gruber N, Doney SC, Emerson SR, Gilbert D, Kobayashi T, et al. 2010. Adding oxygen to ARGO: developing a global in situ observatory for ocean deoxygenation and biogeochemistry. In Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21–25 September 2009,Vol.2: Community White Papers, ed. J Hall, DE Harrison, D Stammer, chap. 39. ESA Publ. WPP-306. Paris: Eur.Space Agency, http://www.oceanobs09.net/proceedings/cwp/cwp39/ 

Johnson, K.S., Berelson, W.M., Boss E.S., Chase Z., Claustre H., Emerson, S.R., Gruber, N., Kortzinger A., Perry, M.J., and Riser S.C., 2009. Observing biogeochemical cycles at global scales with profiling floats and gliders: Prospects for a global array, Oceanography, Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue on The Revolution in Global Ocean Forecasting—GODAE: 10 Years of Achievement (SEPTEMBER 2009), pp. 216-225. 

Johnson, K.S., Plant J.N., Riser S.C., and Gilbert D., 2015. Air oxygen calibration of oxygen optodes on a profiling float array, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 32, 2160-2172. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0101.1

Langdon, C., 2010. Determination of Dissolved Oxygen in Seawater by Winkler Titration Using the Amperometric Technique, In: The GO-SHIP Repeat Hydrography Manual: A Collection of Expert Reports and guidelines. IOCCP Report No 14, ICPO Publication Series No. 134, version 1, 2010 (UNESCO/IOC).

Larsen M., Lehner P., Borisov S.M., Klimant I., Fischer J.P., Stewart F.J., Canfield D.E., Glud R.N., 2016. In situ quantification of ultra-low O₂ concentrations in oxygen minimum zones: Application of novel optodes, Limnology and Oceanography Methods,  14, 784-800. https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10126

Moßhammer, M., Strobl, M., Kühl, M., Klimant, I., Borisov, S. M., Klaus, K., 2016. Design and Application of an Optical Sensor for Simultaneous Imaging of pH and Dissolved O₂ with Low Cross-Talk. ACS Sens., 1 (6), 681–687 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6b00071

Revsbech N., Larsen L.H., Gundersen J., Dalsgaard T., Ulloa O., Thamdrup B., 2009. Determination of ultra-low oxygen concentrations in oxygen minimum zones by the STOX sensor, Limnology and Oceanography Methods, 7, 371-381. https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2009.7.371

Takeshita, Y., Martz, T.R., Johnson, K.S., Plant, J.N., Gilbert, D., Riser, S.C., Neill, C., and Tilbrook, B., 2013. A climatology‐based quality control procedure for profiling float oxygen data, Journal of Geophysical Research, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20399 

Tengberg, A. et al., 2006. Evaluation of a lifetime-based optode to measure oxygen in aquatic systems, Limnology and Oceanography Methods, 4, 7-17. https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2006.4.7

Thierry V., D. Gilbert, T. Kobayashi, K. Sato, C. Schmid, H. Bittig, 2016, Argo data management, Processing Argo OXYGEN data at the DAC level, https://doi.org/10.13155/39795 

U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS), 2015. Manual for Real-Time Quality Control of Dissolved Oxygen Observations, Version 2.0

Lorenzoni, L., M. Telszewski, H. Benway, A. P. Palacz (Eds.), 2017. A user's guide for selected autonomous biogeochemical sensors. An outcome from the 1^st IOCCP International Sensors Summer Course.IOCCP Report No. 2/2017, 83 pp. 

V. Garçon. Declining oxygen in the open and coastal ocean. IOC Anton Bruun Memorial Lecture. June 2017. https://en.unesco.org/IOC-29/memorial-lectures 

M. Grégoire. GO₂NE: Deoxygenation in the global and coastal ocean: challenges of observing and modelling low oxygen zones. GOOS Webinar Series. June 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAMxm8Ao-9o 

Talks from the Swedish Academy of Sciences Symposium on The Expansion of Low Oxygen Zones in the Global Ocean and Coastal Waters (February 2019):

D. Breitburg with introduction by D. Conley & R. Almstrand. The Ocean is losing its breath - an overview of the problem, its effects, and solutions. 

https://kva.screen9.tv/media/j2NH08MMzmIhOpH2P5o6Yg/the-ocean-is-losing-its-breath-an-overview-of-the-problem-its-effects-and-solutions 

A. Oschlies. Patterns of deoxygenation in the global oceans. 

https://kva.screen9.tv/media/9_juQRO_EPC4pl76w96mkg/patterns-of-deoxygenation-in-the-global-oceans 

B. Ward. Microbial communities and biogeochemical cycles in oxygen minimum zones

https://kva.screen9.tv/media/fdpbApuGNvPSgQpFPK19-A/microbial-communities-and-biogeochemical-cycles-in-oxygen-minimum-zones 

NEW!!! Laffoley, D., Baxter, J.M. (2019). Ocean Deoxygenation: Everyone's Problem. IUCN Report, pp. 562. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2019.13.en 

Participants of the international conference “Ocean Deoxygenation: Drivers and Consequences – Past – Present – Future”, 2018. Kiel Declaration on Ocean Deoxygenation: The Ocean is Losing its Breath. https://portal.geomar.de/documents/18426/926141/Kiel_declaration_fin-2.pdf/16d503ff-34aa-4365-97ac-be05c7ecf297

Paulmier A., 2017. Oxygen and the ocean. In: The Ocean revealed. Paris: CNRS Edition, 2017. p. 64-65. http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers17-11/010071618.pdf

Garçon et al., 2019, Oxygen. In Volume 1 Marine Biogeochemistry, Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 3^rd Edition, Eds. in chiefs J. Kirk Cochran, Henry Bokuniewicz, Patricia Yager, Academic Press, pp 168-173, Book ISBN: 9780128130810, and eBook ISBN: 9780128130827

Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M. and Isensee, K. (eds.). Global Ocean Oxygen Network 2018. The ocean is losing its breath: Declining oxygen in the world's ocean and coastal waters. IOC-UNESCO, IOC Technical Series, No. 137 40pp. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002651/265196e.pdf 

Isensee et al., 2015. The Ocean is Losing its Breath. In: Ocean and Climate, Scientific Notes. p.25-30. http://www.ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/150601_ScientificNotes.pdf#page=25 

Bopp, L. et al., 2013, Bopp L, Resplandy L, Orr JC, Doney SC, Dunne JP, et al. 2013. Multiple stressors of ocean ecosystems in the 21st century: projections with CMIP5 models, Biogeosciences, 10, 6225-6245, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6225-2013 

Breitburg DL, Hondorp DW, Davias LA, and Diaz RJ. 2009. Hypoxia, nitrogen, and fisheries: integrating effects across local and global landscapes. Annual review of Marine Sciences, 1:329–49, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163754 

Breitburg, D. et al., 2018. Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters, Science, 359, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240 

Carstensen J., Andersen JH., Gustafsson BG, and Conley DJ, 2014, Deoxygenation of the Baltic Sea during the last century, PNAS,111, 5628-33, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323156111

Fennel, K., and Testa J.M., 2019. Biogeochemical controls on Coastal hypoxia, Annual review of Marine Sciences, 11: 4.1-4.26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095138

Gallo ND, and Levin LA. 2016. Fish ecology and evolution in the world’s oxygen minimum zones and implications of ocean deoxygenation. In: Advances in Marine Biology, Vol. 74, ed. BE Curry, pp. 117–98, San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press Inc., https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2016.04.001

Garçon V, Karstensen J, Palacz A, Telszewski M, Aparco Lara T, Breitburg D, Chavez F, Coelho P, Cornejo-D’Ottone M, Santos C, Fiedler B, Gallo ND, Grégoire M, Gutierrez D, Hernandez-Ayon M, Isensee K, Koslow T, Levin L, Marsac F, Maske H, Mbaye BC, Montes I, Naqvi W, Pearlman J, Pinto E, Pitcher G, Pizarro O, Rose K, Shenoy D, Van der Plas A, Vito MR and Weng K (2019) Multidisciplinary Observing in the World Ocean’s Oxygen Minimum Zone Regions: From Climate to Fish — The VOICE Initiative. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:722. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00722/full

Gilly WF, Beman JM, Litvin SY, and BH. 2013. Oceanographic and biological effects of shoaling of the oxygen minimum zone. Annual review of Marine Sciences, 5:393–420, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100849

Helly, J.J., and Levin L.A., 2004. Global distribution of naturally occurring marine hypoxia on continental margins, Deep Sea Research Part I, 51, 1159-1168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.03.009

Keeling RF, Kortzinger A, and Gruber N., 2010. Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world, Annual review of Marine Sciences, 2:199–229, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163855

Isensee ,K., Levin, L., Breitburg, D., Grégoire, M., Garçon, V., and Valdes L., 2017. The ocean is out of breath, Ocean-climate.org, http://www.ocean-climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/ocean-out-breath_07-6.pdf

Laffoley, D., J. M. Baxter, J.M., Eds., 2018. Ocean Deoxygenation – Everyone's Problem: Causes, Impacts, Consequences and Solutions (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland), 

Levin, L., 2018. Manifestation, drivers, and emergence of open ocean deoxygenation, Annual review of Marine Sciences, 10:17.1-17.32, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063359

Rabalais N., Turner R., and Wiseman, 2002. Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, A.K.A. “the dead zone”, Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst., 33, 235-63, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150513

Paulmier, A., and Ruiz-Pino, D., 2009. Oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the modern ocean, Progress In Oceanography, 80 (3-4), 113-128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2008.08.001

Shepherd J, Brewer P, Oschlies A, and Watson A (Eds.), 2017. Discussion meeting issue “Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world”, Series of articles in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 375 (2102), http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/375/2102

Altieri A.H. et al., 2017. Tropical dead zones and mass mortalities on coral reefs, PNAS, 114, 3660-3665, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621517114

Bettencourt J., López, C.,Hernández-García, E., Montes, I. , Sudre J., Dewitte B., Paulmier, A., and Garçon, V., 2015. Boundaries of the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone shaped by coherent mesoscale dynamics, Nature Geoscience, 8, 937–940, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO2570

Bianchi D, Galbraith ED, Carozza DA, Mislan AS, and Stock CA. 2013. Intensification of open-ocean oxygen depletion by vertically migrating animals, Nature Geoscience, 6:545–48, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1837

Bograd SJ, Castro CG, Di Lorenzo E, Palacios DM, Bailey H, et al. 2008. Oxygen declines and the shoaling of the hypoxic boundary in the California Current. Geophysical Research Letters, 35:L12607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL034185 

Bristow LA, Dalsgaard T, Tiano L, Mills DB, Bertagnolli AD, et al. 2016. Ammonium and nitrite oxidation at nanomolar oxygen concentrations in oxygen minimum zone waters. PNAS 113:10601–6, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600359113

Deutsch C, Berelson W, Thunell R, Weber T, Tems C, et al. 2014. Centennial changes in North Pacific anoxia linked to tropical trade winds. Science 345:665–68, 

Deutsch C, Brix H, Ito T, Frenzel H, and Thompson L. 2011. Climate-forced variability of ocean hypoxia. Science, 333:336–39

Deutsch C, Ferrel A, Seibel B, Portner H-O, and Huey RB. 2015. Climate change tightens a metabolic constraint on marine habitats. Science, 348:1132–35

Diaz RJ, and Rosenberg R. 2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321:926–29

Garcia-Robledo E. et al, 2017, PNAS, 114, 31, 8319–8324

Gruber N. 2011. Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change, Philos.Trans. R. Soc. A, 369:1980–86

Ito T, Nenes A, Johnson MS, Meskhidze N, and Deutsch C. 2016. Acceleration of oxygen decline in the tropical Pacific over the past decades by aerosol pollutants, Nature Geoscience , 9:443–47

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For submitting data and for quality control of data, please, go to https://access.pmel.noaa.gov/socat. If you do not have an account please request one by sending a mail to: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

Data submissions must always be accompanied by metadata, and it is encouraged to use the SOCAT metadata template. For more information on how to submit or quality control data, please go to the SOCAT help page. Deadlines for submission to SOCATv2019 is passed but SOCAT is accepting submissions at all times. Deadline for submission to SOCATv2020 is 15 January 2020.

Palevsky, H.I., Clayton, S., et al (2023) OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data: Best Practices & User Guide, Version 1.1.1. Ocean Observatories Initiative Biogeochemical Sensor Data Working Group, 134pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1865.2

Pierrot, D., and T. Steinhoff (2019). Installation of autonomous underway pCO₂ instruments onboard ships of opportunity. NOAA Technical Report, OAR-AOML-50, doi:10.25923/ffz6-0x48, 31 pp.

Pierrot, D., Neill, C., Sullivan, K., Castle, R., Wanninkhof, R., Lüger, H., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Feely, R.A., Cosca, C.E., 2009. Recommendations for autonomous underway pCO₂ measuring systems and data-reduction routines. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, Vol. 56 (8–10), pp. 512-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.005 

Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L. and Christian, J.R. (Eds.) 2007. Guide to best practices for ocean CO₂ measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191 pp. ("Guide" in one PDF file or individual chapters including several translations.)

Dickson, A.G., Afghan, J.D., Anderson, G.C. 2003. Reference materials for oceanic CO₂ analysis: a method for the certification of total alkalinity. Marine Chemistry 80 (2-3), pp. 185-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(02)00133-0 

[Coming soon]

Lorenzoni, L., M. Telszewski, H. Benway, A. P. Palacz (Eds.), 2017. A user's guide for selected autonomous biogeochemical sensors. An outcome from the 1^st IOCCP International Sensors Summer Course.IOCCP Report No. 2/2017, 83 pp. 

A catalogue of instruments and sensors used to measure pCO₂ in the ocean can be found on our instruments and sensors hardware directory site: 

http://www.ioccp.org/index.php/instruments-and-sensors#pco2

US NOAA CarbonTracker CT2017

https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/

CarbonTracker is a CO₂ measurement and modeling system developed by NOAA to keep track of sources (emissions to the atmosphere) and sinks (removal from the atmosphere) of carbon dioxide around the world. CarbonTracker uses atmospheric CO₂ observations from a host of collaborators and simulated atmospheric transport to estimate these surface fluxes of CO₂. The current release of CarbonTracker, CT2017, provides global estimates of surface-atmosphere fluxes of CO₂ from January 2000 through December 2016.

CO₂ system calculation tools

A number of tools accessible from our Standards & Methods page HERE. 

SOCAT Workshops & Meetings (2007-2017)

Reports in chronological order available from: https://www.socat.info/index.php/meetings/

Surface Ocean CO₂ Variability and Vulnerabilities Workshop, Paris, April 2007

IOCCP Report No. 7 available HERE.

Ocean Surface pCO₂, Data Integration and Database Development, Tsukuba, January 2004

IOCCP Report No. 2 available HERE.

2018 Summer Lecture Series: Frontiers in Ocean Optics and Ocean Colour Science:

https://ioccg.org/what-we-do/training-and-education/ioccg-sls-2018/#toggles

University of Maine Ocean Optics Class 2015 (video lectures):

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQesc2lgL_DVxIS4AlkFigT_jq_5HIChX

McLane Research Laboratories Inc. Imaging Flow CytoBot (IFCB) User Group

https://mclanelabs.com/imaging-flowcytobot/ifcb-user-group/

Texas A&M Particle Dynamics Group

http://people.tamu.edu/~wgardner/~pdgroup//

getOC: https://github.com/OceanOptics/getOC

getOC is a python utility in command line to easily bulk download Ocean Color images from NASA Ocean Data and ESA CREODIAS APIs. Provide a list of positions and dates in a csv file (ex: test.csv), select an instrument, a processing level, and a product type and getOC will get the images.

 (in progress)